defense can try to take the ball by pushing the pile (ruck) to the other side of the ball. Players can't touch the ball if they're off their feet or engaged with pushing the ruck, and they can only enter the ruck over the ball (no pushing from the sides).

Fumbles (knock-ons) that go forward are punished by giving the other team a scrum (when the two forward lines form a big crowd, and one team throws the ball underneath).

Going out of bounds gives the other team a lineout where they throw the ball straight in, and each team's lines try to catch it.

Tries (touchdowns) are only awarded if the ball is touched to the field, and are worth 5 points. Conversions (extra-points) are worth 2 points, and must be kicked from the place where the ball is touched down, so there is incentive to score tries in the middle of the field.

When a team is awarded a penalty, they can take the ball right there (the defense has to retreat 10 meters) they can kick the ball down "into touch" (out of bounds) and take the lineout where it lands, or they can try a penalty kick. Penalty kicks are worth 3 points.