"MLMs are also criticized for being unable to fulfill their promises for the majority of participants due to basic conflicts with Western cultural norms.[51] There are even claims that the success rate for breaking even or even making money are far worse than other types of businesses:[52][53][54] "The vast majority of MLMs are recruiting MLMs, in which participants must recruit aggressively to profit. Based on available data from the companies themselves, the loss rate for recruiting MLMs is approximately 99.9%; i.e., 99.9% of participants lose money after subtracting all expenses, including purchases from the company."[52] In part, this is because encouraging recruits to further "recruit people to compete with [them]"[7] leads to "market saturation."[18] It has also been claimed "(b)y its very nature, MLM is completely devoid of any scientific foundations."[55]"