Rank structures are just too opaque to outsiders and can vary from department to department, along with the etiquette surrounding the title within that department.

In my opinion, if you haven't been formally introduced ("hello, I'm Lieutenant Dan") and an officer gets upset or really tries hard to correct you, they're a raging tool. If, after being introduced, they still correct you if you fall back on "officer," they're still kind of a tool but a minor one (they've worked hard to get promoted and are proud of the title, maybe they want to make it clear they're a boss and not some rando, ok great, but still dude--chill out).

Sir/ma'am are also perfectly acceptable. Lastly, most officers (even deputies and troopers) are fine with officer since almost everyone self-identifies as an "LEO" anyway, not "LED" or "LET". They are "peace officers" after all, regardless of the title their agency gives them.

I'm around local officers of all levels nearly every day and none of them have objected to being called officer/deputy/trooper upon first interaction, although I do use the title for individuals once I know it (and until I get "just call me Mike" or whatever, which is almost always). Even where I'm within the law enforcement community, individual officers and departments don't expect me to know their rank structures and proper forms off address so requiring it from a complete outsider is petty. I wouldn't worry about it.

If you do know the rank and address them by it though, you will probably give them a warm fuzzy so if you want to be polite it's an easy way to do it.